A primary responsibility of a DBA is ensuring that a database is properly tuned. By tuning a database, performance and efficiencies will increase. There are several reasons that a DBA should do performance tuning. First, the time consumers spend waiting for response time can can be considered wasted time. It will help a system keep its pace and in turn allow for it to keep pace with the business. The final benefit is that it will save money by optimizing the use of its hardware.
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Where should Oracle tuning be focused? Several areas should be considered for tuning. The order of these steps is very important, if they are done out of order than side effects will occur.
Design of the Database
Reduced system performance usually results from a poor database design. Generally the database should be normalized to the 3NF. Important performance improvements can be supplied from selective denormalization. Always keep the “data access path” in mind when designing. Finally, look at proper data partitioning, data replication, aggregation tables for decision support systems, etc.
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Tuning of the Application
By coding optimal SQL most Oracle system performance issues can be avoided. Batch tasks should be scheduled after peak working hours by the DBA.
Tuning of the Memory
In order to properly size your database buffers, you must look at buffer hit ratios, wait events, system swapping and paging, and more. In order to prevent numerous reloads you could also pin large objects into memory.
Disk I/O Tuning
To achieve maximum disk subsystem throughout be sure to check for proper sizing and placement of database files. In addition, check for data fragmentation, row chaining, frequent disk sorts, full table scans, missing indexes, etc.
Elimination of Database Contention
As much as possible review and eliminate database locks, wait events and latches.
Operating System Tuning
Monitor and tune I/O, memory utilization, and CPU operating system.
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If the previous steps are followed correctly the Oracle tuning process should be effective and database performance will be enhanced.